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Date |
Event(s) |
| 1 | 1546 | - 1546: England - Girolamo Fracastoro published the idea that diseases were caused by disease-specific seeds that could multiply within the body and be transmitted directly from person to person or directly on contaminated objects, even over long distance; moreover, he proposed that variations in the intensity of epidemics could be attributed to changes in the virulence of germs
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| 2 | 1547 | - 1547: England - Henry VIII outlaws vagabondage; 9/10 of pop. estimated to be rural, average Tudor town = about 3,000 people; debasement of coinage leads to 25% inflation, further debasement by Somerset leads to prices almost double within two years, average person hardly affected but export woollen cloth trade doubles
- 1547: England - Edward VI, ruler of England to 1553. House of Tudor: Son of Henry VIII, by Jane Seymour, his 3rd queen. Ruled under regents.
- 28 Jan 1547: England - Death of Henry VIII
- 10 Sep 1547: Scotland - England wins Battle of Pinkie, Scots driven even further into French camp, Mary Queen of Scots escapes to France, marries King's son
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| 3 | 1548 | |
| 4 | 1549 | |
| 5 | 1550 | |
| 6 | 1551 | |
| 7 | 1552 | |
| 8 | 1553 | |
| 9 | 1554 | - 1554: England - Laws against burning heretics repealed
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| 10 | 1555 | - 1555: England - Protestants are persecuted and about 300, including Archbishop Cranmer, are burned at the stake
- 1555: England - Michel de Notredame or Nostradamus published his book of prophecies Centuries Asrtologiques and Excellent er Moult Utile Opuscule a tous necessaire qui desirent avoir connaissance de plusieurs exq uises recettes ('An excellent and most useful little work essential to all who wish to become acquainted with some exquisite recipes').
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| 11 | 1558 | - 1558: France - Philip drags England into war with France, Calais is lost; Mary I dies of dropsy, leaving no heir
- 1558: England - Elizabeth I, ruler of England to 1603. House of Tudor: Daughter of Henry VIII, by Anne Boleyn.
- 1558: England - William Cecil (later Lord Burghley), the Queen's closest advisor, assists Elizabeth in passing laws making monarch head of Church, making English prayer book only one, and generally laying foundations of Church of England as known today
- 5 Mar 1558: England - Francisco Fernandes supposedly introduced smoking tobacco to Europe.
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| 12 | 1559 | |
| 13 | 1560 | |
| 14 | 1561 | |
| 15 | 1562 | |
| 16 | 1563 | - 1563: England - The Thirty-nine Articles, which complete establishment of the Anglican Church
- 1563: England - Statute of Artificers: planned recruitment and control of labour and wages
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| 17 | 1564 | |
| 18 | 1565 | |
| 19 | 1567 | |
| 20 | 1568 | |
| 21 | 1569 | |
| 22 | 1575 | - 1575: England - English trade booms (to 1585)
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| 23 | 1576 | - 1576: Arcitic - Frobisher and Locke search unsuccessfully for Northwest Passage (to 1578)
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| 24 | 1577 | |
| 25 | 1578 | |
| 26 | 1582 | |
| 27 | 1583 | - 1583: England - Cesalpino, in De Plantis, classified plants with seeds according to the number, position, and shape of the parts of their fruit.
- 1583: Italy - Galileo Galilei discovered by experiment that the oscillations of a swinging pendulum took the same amount of time regardless of their amplitude.
- 1583: Munster, Ireland - Colonised by English
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| 28 | 1584 | |
| 29 | 1585 | |
| 30 | 1586 | |
| 31 | 1587 | |
| 32 | 1588 | - Jun 1588: England - Spanish Armada - 60,000 troops, 30,000 sailors, 77,000 tons of shipping - sails against England, battle lasts one week, decimated by English then by gales
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| 33 | 1589 | - 1589: England - William Lee develops the first knitting machine.
- 1589: France - Catherine de Medici, wife of King Henry II of France died.She is sometimes called the 'mother of French haute cuisine' because the Italian chefs she brought with her from Florence had a strong influence on the development of French cuisine. One of the things they brought with them was ice cream.
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| 34 | 1590 | |
| 35 | 1592 | - 1592: England - Plague in London and provincial towns
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| 36 | 1593 | - 1593: Italy - Galileo invents a water thermometer.
- 9 Aug 1593: England - Izaak Walton was born. He is mainly known for The Compleat Angler, or, the Contemplative Man's Recreation, which is one of the most frequently published books in English literature. It is a literary discourse on the pleasures of fishing.
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| 37 | 1594 | |
| 38 | 1596 | |
| 39 | 1597 | |
| 40 | 1600 | - 1600: England - William Gilbert, in De Magnete, held that the earth behaves like a giant magnet with its poles near the geographic poles. He coined the word electrica (from the Greek word for amber, elektron), and distinguished electricity from magnetism.
- 1600: London, England - Population of London about 200,000
- 1600: Sicily - The blood orange is believed to have developed by natural mutation
- 1600: England - The British East India Company was incorporated by royal charter. It was created to compete in the East Indian spice trade.
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| 41 | 1601 | - 1601: England - Poor Law Act passed, prompted by three successive poor harvests resulting in demonstrations by starving peasants; codifies previous measures, differentiates between able-bodied and weak unemployed; town councils began to tax citizens to pay for alms
- 1601: England - Essex attempts rebellion, and is executed
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| 42 | 1602 | |
| 43 | 1603 | |
| 44 | 1604 | |
| 45 | 1605 | |
| 46 | 1606 | |
| 47 | 1607 | |
| 48 | 1608 | |
| 49 | 1609 | |
| 50 | 1610 | - 1610: Kracow, Poland - Community Regulations of stated that bagels were to be given as a gift to women in childbirth.
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| 51 | 1611 | - 1611: England - James I's authorized version of the Bible is completed; English and Scottish Protestant colonists settle in Ulster
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| 52 | 1612 | |
| 53 | 1614 | |
| 54 | 1615 | - 1615: England - The first tea is imported to the west
- 1615: Japan- Furuta Oribe died. His original name was Furuta Shigenari. He was a Japanese master of the tea ceremony who studied under Sen Riky. His ideas influenced the tea ceremony, teahouse architecture, tea-garden landscaping and even flower arrangement.
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| 55 | 1616 | |
| 56 | 1617 | - 1617: England - The first one way streets were established in London. Seventeen one way streets were created to regulate 'disorder and rude behaviour of Carmen, Draymen, and others using Cartes'.
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| 57 | 1618 | |
| 58 | 1620 | |
| 59 | 1621 | - 8 Sep 1621: France - Prince Louis II de Condé, known as the Great Condé, was born. He was a French general who loved to hunt and had a passion for rice. Several dishes have been named for him, including Consomme Condé and Creme Condé.
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| 60 | 1622 | - 1622: England - James I dissolves Parliament for asserting its right to debate foreign affairs
- 1622: England - Weekly News, first English newspaper, published.
- 1622: England - Commission to enquire into decline of woollen trade
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| 61 | 1623 | |
| 62 | 1624 | |
| 63 | 1625 | |
| 64 | 1626 | - 1626: England - Francis Bacon died. An English statesman, philosopher and author of Novum Organum, a work on scientific inquiry, he died after having stuffing a dressed chicken with snow to see how long the flesh could be preserved by the extreme cold. He caught cold and died from complications about a month later.
- 1626: England - A large Codfish, split open at a Cambridge market, is found to contain a copy of a book of religious treatises by John Frith.
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| 65 | 1627 | - 1627: England - William Harvey was able to confirm his observation that the blood circulates throughout the body, which he inferred from the structure of the venal valves. The following year, in Exercitatio Anatomica, he published these conclusions as well as a description of the heart as a mechanical pump.
- 1627: Warsaw, Poland - The last known living ancestor of all modern domestic cattle (the aurochs) was killed by a poacher
- 1627: England - John Ray (Wray) was born. A leading 17th century English naturalist and botanist. He contributed to the advancement of taxonomy, and established the species as the basic unit of taxonomy.
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| 66 | 1628 | |
| 67 | 1629 | |
| 68 | 1630 | |
| 69 | 1633 | - 1633: America - Connecticut settled; Maryland founded by George Calvert, 1st Baron Baltimore
- 1633: England - Bananas were supposedly displayed in the shop window of merchant Thomas Johnson. This was the first time the banana had ever been seen in Great Britain. It would be more than 200 years before they were regularly imported. In 1999 remains of a banana were found at a Tudor archaeological site on the banks of the River Thames. This would seem to date it 150 years earlier than Thomas Johnson's banana. A classic food mystery!
- 1633: Rome, Italy - Galileo was forced by the Inquisition in Rome to renounce his theory that the Earth revolved around the Sun.
- 3 Nov 1633: Italy - Bernardino Ramazzini was born. A physician, he was the first to note the relationship between worker's illnesses and their work environment. Considered the founder of occupational medicine.
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| 70 | 1634 | - 1634: Boston, Massachusetts - Samuel Cole supposedly opened the first tavern in the U.S.A.
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| 71 | 1636 | - 1636: England - Tulip mania begins and ceases the following year in a precursor of the 2000 dot-com crash
- 1636: England - Mild outbreak of Black Death
- 1636: England - W. Gascoigne invents the micrometer.
- 1636: America - The Great and General Court of the Massachusetts Bay Colony established Harvard College (New College), the first college in the Americas.
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| 72 | 1637 | |
| 73 | 1638 | |
| 74 | 1639 | |
| 75 | 1640 | |
| 76 | 1641 | |
| 77 | 1642 | |
| 78 | 1643 | |
| 79 | 1644 | |
| 80 | 1645 | |
| 81 | 1646 | - 1646: England - Charles I surrenders to the Scots
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| 82 | 1647 | |
| 83 | 1648 | |
| 84 | 1649 | - 1649: London, England - The Commonwealth, in which England is governed as a republic, is established and lasts until 1660
- 1649: Ireland - Cromwell harshly suppresses Catholic rebellions
- 1649: England - Long Parliament (Rump Parliament) confiscates land; House of Lords abolished; Charles II, meanwhile in exile on Continent, travels to Scotland, signs Covenant, Scots support him
- 1649: England - Oliver Cromwell, Lord Protector, ruler of England to 1658. Commonwealth & Protectorate.
- 1649: England - Nicholas Culpeper, Herbalist, wrote the pseudoscientific A Physicall Directory. It listed plants and their supposed healing properties based on the plants resemblance to the human body parts.
- 30 Jan 1649: London, England - Execution of Charles I
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| 85 | 1650 | |
| 86 | 1651 | - 1651: England - Thomas Hobbes, in Leviathan, argued from a mechanistic theory that man is a selfishly individualistic animal at constant war with others. In the state of nature, life is 'nasty, brutish, and short.'
- 1651: England - Navigation Act passes, forbids exportation of goods except in all-English ships, foreign merchants and goods prohibited in England and colonies, strengthened in 1660
- 3 Sep 1651: England - Charles II invades England and is defeated at Battle of Worcester; Charles escapes to France
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| 87 | 1652 | |
| 88 | 1653 | - 1653: England - Oliver Cromwell dissolves the 'Rump Parliament' and becomes Lord Protector
- 1653: England - England victorious in battles against Spain and aids France against Spain; England becomes leading naval power and important military power; restores legal rights to Jews
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| 89 | 1654 | |
| 90 | 1655 | |
| 91 | 1656 | |
Abt 1546 - Yes, date unknown