Timeline: Mrs. Geissbuehler: Gerber Family of Langnau

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Abt 1488 - Yes, date unknown

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Timeline

Mrs. Geissbuehler (1488 - )

	Date	Event(s)
1	1492	1492: Italy - Leonardo da Vinci first to seriously theorize about flying machines. 1492: England - Martin Behaim invented the first map globe. 12 Oct 1492: America - Christopher Columbus 'discovers' America at 2am
2	1494	1494: Tordseillas, Spain - The Treaty of Tordesillas divides the world between Spain and Portugal for the alleged purpose of spreading Christianity 1494: Scotland - Whisky invented in Scotland. 1494: Jamaica - Columbus landed and met the Arawak Indians. The Arawak used Jamaican pimento (allspice) to season and smoke meat (usually pigs), the foundation upon which Jamaican Jerk developed.
3	1495	1495: Scotland - The first written mention of Scotch whisky is in the Exchequer Rolls of Scotland. A Friar John Cor was the distiller.
4	1496	1496: England - Henry VII joins the Holy League; commercial treaty between England and Netherlands.
5	1497	1497: Canada - John Cabot discovers Newfoundland 1497: South Africa - In a two-year voyage, Vasco da Gama rounds the Cape of Good Hope and reaches India
6	1500	1500: England - The first flush toilets appeared. 1500: England - Population of London about 75,000
7	1501	17 Jan 1501: Germany - Leonhart Fuchs was born. He was a German botanist who compiled the first modern glossary of botanical terms. The plant and the color Fuchsia were named for him.
8	1503	1503: England - Margaret, daughter of Henry VII, marries James IV of Scotland. 1503: Europe - The pocket handkerchief appears in Europe
9	1508	1508: England - William Turner was born, English naturalist, botanist, known as the Father of English Botany. His best known work was A New Herball.
10	1509	22 Apr 1509: England - Henry VIII. Ruler of England to 1547. House of Tudor: Only surviving son of Henry VII by Elizabeth, daughter of Edward IV.
11	1510	1510: Italy - Leonardo da Vinci designs a horizontal water wheel. 1510: Germany - Pocket watch invented by Peter Henlein.
12	1511	1511: Far East - Portugal defeats the Arabs in a major naval battle at the Straits of Sunda, taking control of the Spice Islands as the center of Far East trade. (The Straits lie between Java and Borneo, now Indonesia.)
13	1512	1512: Europe - Nikolaus Kopérnik, better known as Copernicus, circulated a manuscript, the Commentariolus, which hypothesized that the Earth was a planet and planets revolved in circles and epicircles around the Sun, that the Earth rotated daily, and regressions in planetary orbits were explained by the Earth's motions. 1512: England - England begins construction of double-deck warships
14	1513	1513: England - Urs Graf invents etching. 1513: America - Ponce de Leon landed in Florida while searching for the Fountain of Youth. He thought it was just another island of the Bahamas. 9 Sep 1513: England - Battle of Flodden Field (fought at Flodden Edge, Northumberland) in which invading Scots are defeated by the English under their commander, 70 year old Thomas Howard, Earl of Surrey; James IV of Scotland is killed.
15	1514	1514: Portugal - King Manuel I of Portual enhances the menagerie of animals owned by Pope Leo X through the gift of an Indian elephant. Curious crowds follow the beast the entire length of its journey through Italy.
16	1515	1515: England - Thomas Wolsey, Archbisop of York, is made Lord Chancellor of England and Cardinal
17	1516	1516: Bavaria - Duke Wilhelm IV of Bavaria decreed that beer could only be brewed from barley malt, hops and water. This Rheinheitsgebot (purity law) was probably the world's first consumer protection law. 18 Feb 1516: England - Henry VIII's daughter Mary born
18	1517	1517: England - Henry VIII forbids reading of Martin Luther's books, doesn't work; by 1527 some scholars attacking Church, call themselves Protestants, are considered heretics 31 Oct 1517: Wittenberg, Germany - The Protestant Reformation begins; Martin Luther nails his 95 Theses against the Catholic practice of selling indulgences, on the church door
19	1519	1519: England - Avocados were introduced to Europe by Spanish explorer Hernán Cortés 6 Jun 1519: Italy - Andrea Cesalpino was born. An Italian philosopher and pioneering botanist. 10 Aug 1519: England - Ferdinand Magellan begins his journey to circumnavigate the world with five ships and 270 men. In 1521 Magellan is killed by natives in the Philippines. Eventually in 1522, eighteen of Magellan's crew and one ship return
20	1520	7 Jun 1520: Balinghem, France - Field of Cloth of Gold: Francois I of France meets Henry VIII but fails to gain his support against Holy Roman Emperor, Charles V
21	1521	1521: England - The Diet of Worms begins. Not a fad diet, but the assembly of the Holy Roman Empire at which Martin Luther made his famous appearance. 17 Oct 1521: England - Henry VIII receives the title Defender of the Faith from Pope Leo X for his opposition to Luther
22	1523	1523: England - Martin Luther and Philipp Melanchthon publish depictions of a pope-ass and a monk-calf, obscene-looking monsters signifying divine displeasure with the Papacy.
23	1525	1525: Europe - Introduction of potato from South America
24	1527	1527: England - Henry VIII seeks divorce on grounds that Catherine of Aragon was late brother's wife; in addition Anne Boleyn (1507-1536) now Henry's fancy; Pope Clement VII refuses
25	1529	1529: Europe - Vanilla reaches Europe 1529: England - Henry VIII dismisses Lord Chancellor Thomas Wolsey for failing to obtain the Pope's consent to his divorce from Catherine of Aragon; Sir Thomas More appointed Lord Chancellor; Henry VIII summons the 'Reformation Parliament' and begins to cut the ties with the Church of Rome 1529: England - Parliament convenes to devise laws against Church (1536), Church now dependent on Crown (not the reverse), monarch becomes Head of Church in England
26	1530	1530: Europe - Turkeys brought to Spain by Pedro Alonso Nino poultry farms by 1530, were in Rome by 1525, were in France by 1538, and then spread rapidly to other parts of the Old World. 1530: England - Thomas Wolsey dies Nov 1530: England - Thomas Wolsey arrested
27	1532	1532: England - Sir Thomas More resigns over the question of Henry VIII's divorce
28	1533	1533: England - King granted divorce by his new Archbishop of Canterbury (Thomas Cranmer), marries Anne Boleyn, Elizabeth born, declared heir to throne, Mary set aside; monasteries dissolved; Pope excommunicates Henry VIII and Cranmer
29	1534	1534: England - Act of Supremacy: Henry VIII declared supreme head of the Church of England 1534: America - Jacques Cartier enters the St. Lawrence River. Land in Great Lakes claimed for France 23 Dec 1534: Germany - Otto Brunfels died. He was a botanist, author of Herbarum vivae eicones ('Living Pictures of Herbs'), one of the first great herbals. His work is considered to be a bridge between ancient and modern botany.
30	1535	1535: England - Publication of first authorised translation of Bible (the Coverdale Bible) 22 Jun 1535: England - Heretics still being burned; this year 25 Anabaptists burned in one day; John Fisher, Bishop of Rochester beheaded under new Treasons Act 6 Jul 1535: England - Sir Thomas More is beheaded in Tower of London for failing to take the Oath of Supremacy
31	1536	1536: England - Anne Boleyn is beheaded; Henry VIII marries Jane Seymour; dissolution of monasteries in England begins under the direction of Thomas Cromwell, completed in 1539. 1536: England - Pilgrimage of Grace, rising in Lincolnshire and the North, action for restoration of monasteries
32	1537	1537: England - Jane Seymour dies after the birth of a son, the future Edward VI
33	1539	1539: England - Remaining monasteries dissolved; wealth taken and used for Oxford and Cambridge, among other things; result almost 1/4 of land in England given to new owners, creates buyer's market 1539: America - Hernando De Soto claimed Florida for Spain 15 Nov 1539: Glastonbury, England - Dissolution of Glastonbury Abbey; buildings torched and looted by king's men; Abbot Richard Whyting is executed by hanging atop Glastonbury Tor.
34	1540	1540: England - Henry VIII marries Anne of Cleves following negotiations by Thomas Cromwell; Henry divorces Anne of Cleves and marries Catherine Howard; Thomas Cromwell executed on charge of treason
35	1541	1541: Italy - Giambattista Canano published illustrations of each muscle and its relation with the bones.
36	1542	1542: England - Catherine Howard is executed
37	1543	1543: England - Henry VIII marries Catherine Parr; alliance between Henry and Charles V (Holy Roman Emperor) against Scotland and France
38	1544	1544: Europe - Tomatoes reach Europe. It is unclear where tomatoes may have been first domesticated but the two main possibilities are Peru and Mexico. The wild forms may have originated in either area, but it was the indigenous peoples of Mexico that first cultivated them. In fact, the common name tomato comes from tomatl, the word for this plant in the Nahuatl language of Mexico. 1544: France - Henry VIII and Charles V invade France 1544: England - Henry VIII orders English translation of Bible placed in every parish church; Litany said in English for first time; Pope declares Henry deposed, supported by all Catholic princes, particularly France and Scotland; Henry builds 70-ship navy, arms people, fortifies coast
39	1546	1546: England - Girolamo Fracastoro published the idea that diseases were caused by disease-specific seeds that could multiply within the body and be transmitted directly from person to person or directly on contaminated objects, even over long distance; moreover, he proposed that variations in the intensity of epidemics could be attributed to changes in the virulence of germs
40	1547	1547: England - Henry VIII outlaws vagabondage; 9/10 of pop. estimated to be rural, average Tudor town = about 3,000 people; debasement of coinage leads to 25% inflation, further debasement by Somerset leads to prices almost double within two years, average person hardly affected but export woollen cloth trade doubles 1547: England - Edward VI, ruler of England to 1553. House of Tudor: Son of Henry VIII, by Jane Seymour, his 3rd queen. Ruled under regents. 28 Jan 1547: England - Death of Henry VIII 10 Sep 1547: Scotland - England wins Battle of Pinkie, Scots driven even further into French camp, Mary Queen of Scots escapes to France, marries King's son
41	1548	1548: England - Enclosure Commission convened
42	1549	1549: England - Introduction of uniform Protestant service in England based on Edward VI's Book of Common Prayer 1549: England - Parliament imprisons Somerset, Smith and Cecil; Warwick and Wriothesley now in power; Enclosure Commission lapses
43	1550	1550: England - Fall of Duke of Somerset; Duke of Northumberland succeeds as Protector 1550: Europe - Wallpaper arrives in Europe from China 1550: England - Increased cost of producing woollen cloth and saturation of export market causes downturn; coinage devalued 50%; sales fall from 132,000 in 1550 to 85,000 in 1552; Parliament passes laws regulating industry, imposing 7-year apprenticeships, but depression gets worse 1550: England - John Dudley, Duke of Northumberland brings in many foreign Protestants for positions in English Church; bullies Princess Mary(Catholic), imprisons leading Catholics and gives remaining Church lands to friends (to 1553) 1550: Turkey - Supposedly, the first café in the world opened in Constantinople. 1550: Europe - The first chocolate arrived in Europe.
44	1551	1551: England - Archbishop Cranmer publishes Forty-two Articles of religion 1551: England - Thomas Gresham appointed King's Merchant (Agent) in Antwerp, becomes nation's financial wizard
45	1552	22 Jan 1552: England - Duke of Somerset executed
46	1553	1553: England - On death of Edward VI, Lady Jane Grey proclaimed queen of England by Duke of Northumberland, her reign lasts nine days; Mary I, daughter of Henry VIII and Catherine of Aragon, Queen of England (to 1558); Restoration of Roman Catholic bishops in England 1553: England - Mary I (Bloody Mary) is determined to restore Pope to head England's Church,imprisons all new Church leaders, re-establishes Catholic services everywhere; Mary marries Prince Philip of Spain, sparks failed Kent rebellion led by Sir Thomas Wyatt 1553: Italy - Prospero Alpini was born. A physician and botanist, he is said to have introduced coffee and bananas to Europe and to have been the first to artificially fertilize date palms.
47	1554	1554: England - Laws against burning heretics repealed
48	1555	1555: England - Protestants are persecuted and about 300, including Archbishop Cranmer, are burned at the stake 1555: England - Michel de Notredame or Nostradamus published his book of prophecies Centuries Asrtologiques and Excellent er Moult Utile Opuscule a tous necessaire qui desirent avoir connaissance de plusieurs exq uises recettes ('An excellent and most useful little work essential to all who wish to become acquainted with some exquisite recipes').
49	1558	1558: France - Philip drags England into war with France, Calais is lost; Mary I dies of dropsy, leaving no heir 1558: England - Elizabeth I, ruler of England to 1603. House of Tudor: Daughter of Henry VIII, by Anne Boleyn. 1558: England - William Cecil (later Lord Burghley), the Queen's closest advisor, assists Elizabeth in passing laws making monarch head of Church, making English prayer book only one, and generally laying foundations of Church of England as known today 5 Mar 1558: England - Francisco Fernandes supposedly introduced smoking tobacco to Europe.
50	1559	1559: Rome, Italy - Pope Paul IV issues Index of Forbidden Books 1559: Scotland - John Knox returns aflame with Calvinism
51	1560	1560: Treaty of Edinburgh among England, France, and Scotland 1560: England - Gaspard Bauhin was born. Swiss botanist who developed a binomial system of plant classification. He published Pinax Theatri Botanici, which was a compilation that included over 6,000 species that had appeared in works from Theophrastus, Dioscorides and many later herbals.
52	1561	1561: Scotland - Mary Queen of Scots, now widowed, returns to Scotland, finds new Church of Scotland is Presbyterian, not Catholic, not well received by Covenanters
53	1562	1562: West Indies - John Hawkins emulates Spanish ferrying slaves from West Africa to West Indies, is attacked by Spanish at San Juan de Ulua; Sir Francis Drake joins with Hawkins in raids on Spanish shipping, they return with great plunder (to 1563) Oct 1562: England - Elizabeth I survives smallpox
54	1563	1563: England - The Thirty-nine Articles, which complete establishment of the Anglican Church 1563: England - Statute of Artificers: planned recruitment and control of labour and wages
55	1564	26 Apr 1564: England - Baptism of William Shakespeare
56	1565	1565: England - Lead pencil invented 1565: England - Mary Queen of Scots marries Lord Darnley, gives birth to son (later James I of England, VI of Scotland)
57	1567	1567: England - Murder of Lord Darnley, husband of Mary Queen of Scots, probably by Earl of Bothwell; Mary Queen of Scots marries Bothwell, is imprisoned, and forced to abdicate; James VI, King of Scotland 1567: Italy - Genoese sailors begin wearing trousers made of twill cloth.
58	1568	1568: England - Mary Queen of Scots escapes to England and is imprisoned by Elizabeth I at Fotheringay Castle 1568: England - Mary Queen of Scots imprisoned until 1587 (partly in Sheffield Castle), constantly plots overthrow of Elizabeth 1568: England - The Dean of St. Paul's Cathedral developed a method to bottle beer.
59	1569	1569: France - Gerard de Cremer, better known as Gerardus Mercator, published the projection map of the world which bears his name. 1569: England - Short-lived northern insurrection in favour of Mary Queen of Scots
60	1575	1575: England - English trade booms (to 1585)
61	1576	1576: Arcitic - Frobisher and Locke search unsuccessfully for Northwest Passage (to 1578)
62	1577	1577: England - Alliance between England and Netherlands 1577: Sir Francis Drake circumnavigates the globe, plunders Spanish shipping (to 1580)
63	1578	1578: England - Hawkins appointed Treasurer of Navy
64	1582	1582: Paris, France - Tour d'Argent restaurant opened 1582: Europe - The new Gregorian calendar was adopted by most Catholic countries
65	1583	1583: England - Cesalpino, in De Plantis, classified plants with seeds according to the number, position, and shape of the parts of their fruit. 1583: Italy - Galileo Galilei discovered by experiment that the oscillations of a swinging pendulum took the same amount of time regardless of their amplitude. 1583: Munster, Ireland - Colonised by English
66	1584	10 Jul 1584: England - William of Orange is murdered; Conspiracy against Elizabeth I involving Mary Queen of Scots
67	1585	1585: Netherlands - Elizabeth I sends troops to Netherlands to help Dutch Protestants against Spain
68	1586	1586: England - It is claimed that Sir Thomas Harriot introduced potatoes to England 6 Jul 1586: England - Treaty of Berwick between Elizabeth I and Scottish reformers
69	1587	1587: Brussels, Belgium - The modern Brussels sprout was first cultivated in large quantities 1587: Cadiz, Africa - Sir Francis Drake destroys Spanish fleet at Cádiz 8 Feb 1587: England - Mary Queen of Scots tried for treason, condemned, beheaded at Fotheringay Castle; leaves will making Philip of Spain heir to both her crowns and imploring him to avenge her; Royal Navy now completely rebuilt
70	1588	Jun 1588: England - Spanish Armada - 60,000 troops, 30,000 sailors, 77,000 tons of shipping - sails against England, battle lasts one week, decimated by English then by gales
71	1589	1589: England - William Lee develops the first knitting machine. 1589: France - Catherine de Medici, wife of King Henry II of France died.She is sometimes called the 'mother of French haute cuisine' because the Italian chefs she brought with her from Florence had a strong influence on the development of French cuisine. One of the things they brought with them was ice cream.
72	1590	1590: England - Zacharias and Hans Janssen combined double convex lenses in a tube, producing the first telescope.
73	1592	1592: England - Plague in London and provincial towns
74	1593	1593: Italy - Galileo invents a water thermometer. 9 Aug 1593: England - Izaak Walton was born. He is mainly known for The Compleat Angler, or, the Contemplative Man's Recreation, which is one of the most frequently published books in English literature. It is a literary discourse on the pleasures of fishing.
75	1594	1594: Ireland - Ulster Rebellion, Philip of Spain sends 100 ships, 10,000 men in aid, decimated by gales
76	1596	1596: England - The work of Dutch cartographer Abraham Ortelius suggests the possibility of continental drift, which will be described more forcefully by Alfred Wegener centuries later. 28 Jan 1596: England - Sir Francis Drake dies on a march at Nombre de Dios
77	1597	1597: England - Cultivation of sweet potatoes was tried (probably unsuccessfully) by John Gerard of London 1597: Ireland - Rebellion under Hugh O'Neill, Earl of Tyrone (finally put down 1601)

Gerber Family of Switzerland

Mrs. Geissbuehler

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