1685: England - James II, ruler of England to 1689. House of Stuart (restored): 2nd son of Charles I. Deposed 1688, interregnum Dec 11, 1688, to Feb 13, 1689.
1688: England - Gregory King's Tables (from Charles Davenant's Works, 1771), estimates over one million people (nearly 20% of pop.) in occasional receipt of alms, mostly in form of public relief from parish