Timeline: Barbara Herterich: Gerber Family of Langnau

1648 - 1671 (22 years)

	Date	Event(s)
1	1648	1648: England - Treaty of Westphalia ends Thirty Years' War 19 Aug 1648: England - Scots invade England and are defeated by Cromwell at Battle of Preston Pride's Purge: Presbyterians expelled from Parliament (known as the Rump Parliament)
2	1649	1649: London, England - The Commonwealth, in which England is governed as a republic, is established and lasts until 1660 1649: Ireland - Cromwell harshly suppresses Catholic rebellions 1649: England - Long Parliament (Rump Parliament) confiscates land; House of Lords abolished; Charles II, meanwhile in exile on Continent, travels to Scotland, signs Covenant, Scots support him 1649: England - Oliver Cromwell, Lord Protector, ruler of England to 1658. Commonwealth & Protectorate. 1649: England - Nicholas Culpeper, Herbalist, wrote the pseudoscientific A Physicall Directory. It listed plants and their supposed healing properties based on the plants resemblance to the human body parts. 30 Jan 1649: London, England - Execution of Charles I
3	1650	1650: Scotland - Charles II lands in Scotland; is proclaimed king 1650: England - Oliver Cromwell crushes Irish rebellion, then Scots at Battle of Dunbar; Dutch traders recognised as most dangerous rivals. 1650: England - Otto von Guericke invents an air pump.
4	1651	1651: England - Thomas Hobbes, in Leviathan, argued from a mechanistic theory that man is a selfishly individualistic animal at constant war with others. In the state of nature, life is 'nasty, brutish, and short.' 1651: England - Navigation Act passes, forbids exportation of goods except in all-English ships, foreign merchants and goods prohibited in England and colonies, strengthened in 1660 3 Sep 1651: England - Charles II invades England and is defeated at Battle of Worcester; Charles escapes to France
5	1652	1652: England - First Anglo-Dutch War 1652: France - Cookbook Le Cuisinier francois by La Varenne is published.
6	1653	1653: England - Oliver Cromwell dissolves the 'Rump Parliament' and becomes Lord Protector 1653: England - England victorious in battles against Spain and aids France against Spain; England becomes leading naval power and important military power; restores legal rights to Jews
7	1654	1654: Armagh, Ireland - James Ussher, Protestant archbishop of Armagh, determined by a close reading of scriptural genealogies that the events described on the first page of the Book of Genesis occurred in 4004 B.C. 1654: England - Treaty of Westminster between England and Dutch Republic 1654: America - A bridge in Rowley, Massachusetts begins charging a toll for animals. People pass for free.
8	1655	1655: England - Christiaan Huygens discovered Titan, Saturn's largest moon, and that what Galileo had thought were moons were actually rings. He was the first to note markings on Mars. 1655: England - England divided into 12 military districts by Cromwell; seizes Jamaica from Spain 1655: England - Cromwell dissolves First Protectorate Parliament; failure of assault on Hispaniola
9	1656	1656: England - Christiaan Huygens built the first pendulum-regulated clock. Two years later, Huygens, in Horologium, claimed that his clock could establish longitude at sea which was not then possible and had led to many maritime disasters. 1656: England - War with Spain (until 1659) 1656: England - Second Protectorate Parliament
10	1657	1657: France - Stockings are manufactured in France.
11	1658	14 Jun 1658: England - Battle of the Dunes, Spanish defeated by Anglo- French army; acquisition of Dunkirk 3 Sep 1658: England - Oliver Cromwell dies; succeeded as Lord Protector by son Richard 3 Sep 1658: England - Richard Cromwell, Lord Protector. Ruler of England to 1659. Commonwealth & Proctorate: 3rd son of Oliver.
12	1659	1659: London, England - First cheque drawn 1659: America - The celebration of Christmas was banned in Boston (until 1681). The pilgrims believed it to be a decadent celebration. 2 Feb 1659: South Africa - Jan van Riebeeck, the first governor of the Cape of Good Hope made the first wine from grapes grown at the Cape. 25 May 1659: England - Richard Cromwell forced to resign by the army; 'Rump Parliament' restored
13	1660	1660: Furtwangen, Germany - Cuckoo clocks made in the Black Forest region. 1660: England - Charles II, ruler of England to 1685. House of Stuart (restored): Eldest son of Charles I, died without issue. De Jure King from 30 JAN 1649. 1660: England - Two houses of Parliament and Church of England restored, land returned to rightful owners; 'Dissenters' born (Quakers, Baptists, Congregationalists, etc.) 1660: New Amsterdan, America - Asser Levy from Portugal, applied for a license to sell kosher meat. He was the first kosher butcher in the city that was to become New York 29 May 1660: London, England - Charles II, aged 30, rides into London, people go mad with joy
14	1661	1661: England - Clarendon Code; 'Cavalier' Parliament of Charles II passes series of repressive laws against Nonconformists 1661: India - The English acquire Bombay 1661: England - Laws permitting burning of heretics repealed (during period to 1665)
15	1662	1662: England - Boyle, using a vacuum pump of his own invention, determined that the volume and pressure of a gas are inversely proportional 1662: England - John Graunt, in Observations upon the Bills of Mortality, using London population data, noted that life expectancy is 27 years, with nearly two thirds dying before 16 years. 1662: England - Act of Uniformity passed 1662: London, England - Royal Society founded
16	1663	1663: England - James Gregory invents the first reflecting telescope.
17	1664	1664: New Amsterdan, America - England siezes New Amsterdam from the Dutch, changes name to New York
18	1665	1665: Netherlands - Great Plague kills 1/5 London population; 1665: Germany - Rudolph Jacob Camerarius was born. A botanist, he showed the existence of sexes in plants, and identified the stamen and pistil as the male and female organs.
19	1666	1666: England - First European printed paper banknote issued 1666: London, England - The Great Fire of London began in the shop of the King's baker. After burning for four days, more than 13,000 buildings had been destroyed.
20	1667	1667: Medway River, Kent - Dutch fleet defeats the English
21	1668	1668: Europe - Triple Alliance of England, Netherlands, and Sweden against France 1668: England - Isaac Newton invents a reflecting telescope.
22	1669	1669: England - Isaac Newton circulated a manuscript, De analysi per aequationes numero terminorum infinitas, the first notice of his calculus.
23	1670	1670: England - Secret Treaty of Dover between Charles II of England and Louis XIV of France to restore Roman Catholicism to England 1670: America - Hudson's Bay Company founded 1670: France - Dom Pérignon invents Champagne. 1670: England - Over a 20 year period 80,000 Huguenots come to England, majority are silk workers, by 1689 40,000 families make living by silk 1670: Cologne, Germany - At Cologne Cathedral, the choirmaster makes sugar sticks to give to the young singers in the choir, to keep them occupied during the Living Crèche ceremony: the first candy canes.
24	1671	1671: England - Game Laws prevent majority of citizens from hunting, even on their own land 1671: Germany - Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz invents a calculating machine.

Gerber Family of Switzerland

Barbara Herterich

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