Timeline: Elsbeth Jakob: Gerber Family of Langnau

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1725 - 1800 (74 years)

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Timeline

Elsbeth Jakob (1725 - 1800)

	Date	Event(s)
1	1725	30 Apr 1725: Great Britain - Treaty of Vienna: Austria and Spain resolve differences
2	1726	1726: Scotland - First circulating library in Britain opens in Edinburgh. Jonathan Swift publishes his Gulliver's Travels 1726: Great Britain - English peers number 179, about 130 of whom are active
3	1727	1727: Great Britain - Death of Sir Isaac Newton and of King George I (in Hanover) 1727: Great Britain - The Gentleman's Magazine, first modern magazine, published 1727: Great Britain - Rev. Stephen Hales publishes Vegetable Staticks, important contributions to chemistry and botany 1727: Great Britain - Provincial newspapers have increased from 8 in 1700 to 25 in 1727 1727: Great Britain - George II, ruler of England to 1760. House of Hanover: Only son of George I, married Caroline of Brandenburg. 14 May 1727: Great Britain - Baptism of Thomas Gainsborough, portrait painter influenced by Sir Joshua Reynolds
4	1728	1728: France - Pierre Fauchard, in The Surgeon Dentist, described preventive measures to keep teeth healthy as well as inventing the word dentist.
5	1729	1729: Great Britain - Alexander Pope publishes his Dunciad
6	1730	1730: Great Britain - A split occurs between Walpole and Townshend 1730: Ireland - Famine strikes 1730: Great Britain - In early part of 1700s, death rate had surpassed birth rate; begins to reverse; after 1780 death-rate plummets - due to replacement of gin-drinking with beer-drinking after taxes increased and retail sales curtailed on former in 1750; medical care improves, as does agriculture, more food available 1730: Great Britain - Georg Brandt, a Swedish chemist, discovered the element cobalt. Cobalt is used in steel making, and is an essential part of vitamin B12.
7	1731	1731: Europe - Second Treaty of Vienna, Austria and Spain smooth out remaining differences
8	1732	1732: British North America - A royal charter is granted for the founding of Georgia in America 1732: Great Britain - The English banned American made hats to protect domestic haberdashers.
9	1733	1733: Great Britain - The Excise Crisis occurs and Walpole is forced to abandon his plans to reorganise the customs and excise 1733: Europe - Further cementing of relations between Austria and Spain 1733: Great Britain - John Kay invents the flying shuttle.
10	1734	1734: Great Britain - Walpole returned to power with smaller majority, power weakened
11	1736	1736: Great Britain - John Harrison finished building and tested at sea what proved to be the first accurate chronometer for timing longitude 1736: Great Britain - Duke of Newcastle now controls clerical (religious) patronage
12	1737	1737: Scotland - Porteous Riots 1737: America - Spain begins to attack British trade 20 Nov 1737: Great Britain - Death of King George II's wife, Queen Caroline
13	1738	1738: Great Britain - John and Charles Wesley start the Methodist movement in Britain 1738: Europe - Third Treaty of Vienna settles Polish question, gives Lorraine to France
14	1739	1739: Europe - Britain goes to war with Spain in the War of Jenkins' Ear. The cause: Captain Jenkins' ear was claimed to have been cut off during a Naval Skirmish 1739: Great Britain - First 'Lying-in hospital' for women 1739: Europe - War with Spain, War with France; Britain uses German and Dutch mercenaries
15	1740	1740: Europe - Commencement of the War of Austrian Succession in Europe 1740: Great Britain - For stealing a handkerchief from the person a child could be hanged by the neck until dead 1740: Great Britain - Publication of the first novel, Samuel Richardson's Pamela 1740: British North America - War against France (to 1748) 1740: India - British War against the French, Major Stringer Lawrence and Robert Clive win for Britain (period to 1748) 1740: Great Britain - Quaker Benjamin Huntsman discovers method of making high-quality cast steel
16	1741	1741: Ireland - Further famine, population about 4 million
17	1742	1742: Great Britain - Spencer Compton, Earl of Wilmington Prime Minister until 1743 (Whig) 1742: Great Britain - Beginning with a bull calf from the cow Silver and two cows, Pidgeon and Mottle (inherited from his father's estate), Benjamin Tomkins is credited with founding the Hereford breed. 1742: Great Britain - Sir Robert Walpole resigns after criticism for advocating mercenaries; John Carteret, 2nd Earl Granville succeeds him 1742: Williamsburg, British North America - The Compleat Housewife, or Accomplish'd Gentlewoman's Companion is the first cookbook published in America
18	1743	1743: Great Britain - Henry Pelham Prime Minister until 1754 (Whig) 27 Jun 1743: Germany - Battle of Dettingen - King George II is victorious
19	1744	1744: Great Britain - King George's War: French Colonies vs Great Britain 1744-1748.
20	1745	1745: Great Britain - Sir Robert Walpole dies 1745: Great Britain - E.G. von Kleist invents the leyden jar, the first electrical capacitor. 1745: Western Highlands, Scotland - Bonnie Prince Charlie, son of James III, lands and triggers a Jacobite Rebellion 1745: Great Britain - Scots reach Derby; 'Bonnie Prince Charlie' is inexplicably persuaded to turn back, loses initiative 1745: Scotland - The secret formula for Drambuie liqueur is given to the Mackinnon family by Prince Charles Edward. 11 May 1745: Fonteney, Austrian Netherlands - Battle of Fontenoy (Flanders/Belgium), George's son, Duke of Cumberland, leads Britain's defeat 21 Sep 1745: Scotland - a Scottish victory at the Battle of Prestonpans
21	1746	1746: England - William Pitt (the elder) enters government 16 Apr 1746: Culloden, Scotland - Battle of Culloden, Scots defeated by Cumberland; fails to capture Charles who, after five months, escapes to France
22	1747	1747: Great Britain - Yorkshire pudding mentioned in recipes 1747: Great Britain - Art of Cookery, by Hannah Glasse is published. 1747: British North America - The oldest cattle ranch in the US was started at Montauk on Long Island, New York.
23	1748	18 Oct 1748: Great Britain - The Peace of Aix-la-Chapelle brings the War of Austrian Succession to a close
24	1749	1749: Great Britain - Deaths among women 1 in 41, children 1 in 15 during period to 1758
25	1750	1750: Great Britain - The grapefruit was first described by Griffith Hughes as the 'forbidden fruit' of Barbados 1750: Scotland - Royal Infirmaries are founded in Edinburgh, Glasgow, Aberdeen 1750: Great Britain - Tea-drinking begins to rival alcohol-drinking 1750: Great Britain - Population of England and Wales estimated at 6.5 million 1750: Great Britain - During period to 1780 English countryside takes on today's familiar apearance as accelerated enclosure produces small fields surrounded by hedges, fences and walls
26	1751	1751: British North America - Benjamin Franklin published Experiments and Observations on Electricity after several years of experiments done with several friends. In this book Franklin suggested an experiment to prove that lightning is a large-scale electrical discharge, a task which later he took upon himself, using a kite. This led to the invention of the lightning rod. 1751: Great Britain - Death of Frederick, Prince of Wales. His son, Prince George, becomes heir to the throne
27	1752	1752: Great Britain - René Antoine Ferchault de Réaumur showed by experiment that gastric juice liquifies meat. 1752: Great Britain - Sir John Pringle (1707-1782), Scottish Army physician, publishes Observations on Diseases of the Army, institutes rules for camp hygiene, clothing and diet, shows how dysentery and malaria spread, identifies hospital / camp / gaol (jail) / ship fever as typhus 1 Jan 1752: Great Britain - Adoption of the Gregorian Calendar in Britain
28	1753	1753: Great Britain - Parliament passes the Naturalization of Jews Act 1753: Great Britain - James Lind (1716-1794) Scottish Navy physician, publishes Treatise on Scurvy; Sir Gilbert Blane, Scottish Naval surgeon, enforces strict rules regarding cleanliness, improves health, lifespan of sailors
29	1754	1754: Great Britain - First royal troops disembark in India; Takes 4.5 days to travel London to Manchester 1754: France - Antoine Beauvilliers was born. He was a French chef who founded the first luxury restaurant, La Grande Taverne de Londres.
30	1755	1755: Great Britain - Samuel Johnson publishes the first English language dictionary. 23 Mar 1755: Great Britain - Josiah Spode was born; the inventor of Fine Bone China.
31	1756	1756: Great Britain - Mayonnaise invented to commemorate a victory at the start of the Seven Years War, the successful seige of English-held St. Philip's Castle 1756: Europe - Britain, allied with Prussia, declares war against France and her allies, Austria and Russia. The Seven Years' War begins 20 Jun 1756: Calcutta, India - Mîrzâ Mohammad Sirâjud Dawla takes the city and English prisoners suffocate in Black Hole; Robert Clive brings 2000 sepoys (Indian soldiers) from Madras to avenge, retakes Calcutta
32	1757	1757: Great Britain - William Pitt the elder becomes Prime Minister 1757: India - Robert Clive wins the Battle of Plassey and secures the Indian province of Bengal for Britain 1757: Great Britain - John Campbell invents the sextant.
33	1758	1758: Great Britain - Dolland invents the achromatic lens. 1758: Great Britain - Ribbing machine developed in England to make Jedediah Strutt stockings.
34	1759	1759: Canada - Wolfe captures Quebec and expels the French 1759: Great Britain - Battle of Quiberon (Brest fleet) and Battle of Lagos (Toulon fleet), Admirals Sir Edward Hawke and Boscawen, respectively, victorious for Britain; Dakar captured 1759: British North America - Cherokee War: English Colonists vs Cherokee Indians 1759-1761.
35	1760	1760: Great Britain - Death of George II 1760: Great Britain - George III, ruler of England to 1820. House of Hanover: Grandson of George II, married Charlotte of Mecklenburg.
36	1761	1761: Great Britain - Laurence Sterne publishes the enigmatic Tristram Shandy 1761: Great Britain - Jonas Hanway and David Porter begin campaign on behalf of child chimney sweeps, achieve protective legislation in 1788 1761: Pondicherry, India - Pondicherry captured, French power destroyed 1761: Great Britain - William Pitt the elder resigns over King and advisors not permitting further conflict with France and ally Spain 1761: Great Britain - River power reaches saturation point, Duke of Bridgewater cuts Worsley Canal, thereby halving price of coal in Manchester 1761: Great Britain - Englishman John Harrison invents the navigational clock or marine chronometer for measuring longitude. 1761: Great Britain - Various municipalities secure Private Acts by which money can be raised ('rates') to pay for public improvements, such as paving and lighting in period to 1765
37	1762	1762: Great Britain - John Montagu, 4th Earl of Sandwich, 'created' the Sandwich. This Englishman was said to have been fond of gambling and, during a 24 hour gambling streak, he instructed a cook to prepare his food in such a way that it would not interfere with his game. The cook presented him with sliced meat between two pieces of toast. Perfect! This meal required no utensils and could be eaten with one hand, leaving the other free to continue the game. 1762: Great Britain - The Earl of Bute is appointed Prime Minister. He becomes very unpopular and employs a bodyguard 1762: France - Académie Francaise recognises term millionaire 1762: Great Britain - Spain declares war on Britain; Britain gains West Indian islands from French, Cuba and Manila from Spanish
38	1763	1763: Americas - Treaty of Paris returns Cuba and Manila to Spain, keeps Florida, recovers Minorca; returns West Indian islands and trading stations in India to French, keeps Canada
39	1764	1764: Great Britain - James Hargreaves in England invents the spinning jenny which can produce 8 threads at one time.
40	1765	1765: Great Britain - Rockingham ministry. The American Stamp Act raises taxes in the colonies in an attempt to make their defence self-financing 1765: Great Britain - Earliest known children's pop-up book 1765: France - The very first pâté de foie gras (goose liver paste) is said to have been created in Strasbourg by a Norman chef named Jean-Joseph Close. (Although the technique for producing foie gras goes back as far as the ancient Egyptians) 1765: Paris, France - M. Boulanger opens the first restaurant, by that name
41	1766	1766: Great Britain - Chatham ministry. Repeal of the American Stamp Act 1766: Great Britain - Priestley discovers Law of Inverse Squares (electricity), Louis XV convulses with laughter when line of monks leap into air as electric shock is administered 1766: France - Louis, Marquis de Cussy was born. French gastronome, a friend of Grimod de la Reyniere, who stated that Cussy had invented 366 different ways to prepare chicken. Cussy wrote Les Classiques de la table.
42	1767	1767: Great Britain - John Wilkinson, ironmaster, produces railways for mines; Manchester and Liverpool joined by canal 1767: Great Britain - Joseph Priestley invents carbonated water - soda water.
43	1768	1768: Great Britain - Grafton ministry. The Middlesex Election Crisis occurs. 1768: Great Britain - General election, reformer Wilkes elected as member for Middlesex amid scenes of jubilation; Royal Academy (painting) founded
44	1769	1769: Great Britain - James Watt patented a new type of steam engine with a separate condensing chamber and an air pump to bring steam into the chamber and equipped it with a simple 'governor' for safety: if the engine started to go too fast, the power would be automatically cut back. He coined the term horsepower and later loaned his name to the unit of power, or work done per unit of time 1769: Great Britain - Captain James Cook's first voyage to explore the Pacific begins 1769: Great Britain - Richard Arkwright develops the water-powered spinning frame
45	1770	1770: Great Britain - Lord North begins service as Prime Minister. The Falkland Island Crisis occurs. Edmund Burke publishes his Thoughts on the Present Discontents 1770: Australia - James Cook documents the location of Australia 1770: Great Britain - Gum pencil eraser invented 1770: Great Britain - Early skeleton suits begin to appear - the first specialized children's clothing. The earliest were still worn with knee breeches, but by the 1780s they were warn with long trousers.
46	1771	1771: Great Britain - The Encyclopedia Britannica is first published 1771: Great Britain - Richard Arkwright builds the first spinning mill
47	1772	1772: Great Britain - Lord Mansfield makes slavery illegal 1772: Great Britain - James Burgh publishes Political Disquisitions, advocates universal male suffrage
48	1773	1773: British North America - Colonists protest at the East India Company's monopoly over tea exports to the colonies, at the so-called Boston Tea Party 1773: Coalbrookedale, England - The world's first Cast Iron bridge is constructed over the River Severn 1773: Great Britain - Benjamin Delessert was born. French industrialist who developed the first successful process to extract sugar from sugar beets.
49	1774	1774: Great Britain - Franz Anton Mesmer began the psychotherapeutic practice of hypnotism, which he called 'animal magnetism' and conceived it to be an actual fluid. Apparently he had some success with psychosomatic illnesses. Part of his technique seems to have been used earlier by exorcists. 1774: Great Britain - Parliament passes the Coercive Acts in retaliation for the Boston Tea Party 1774: Great Britain - Joseph Priestley isolates oxygen 1774: Great Britain - Georges-Louis Le Sage patents the electric telegraph.
50	1775	1775: British North America - American War of Independence begins when colonists fight British troops at Lexington. 1775: Great Britain - Alexander Cummings invents the flush toilet. 1775: Great Britain - Jacques Perrier invents a steamship.
51	1776	1776: England - Common Sense published by Tom Paine 1776: Great Britain - Adam Smith, in The Wealth of Nations, advanced the idea that businesses survive through successful trading in pursuit of their self-interest, and that the resulting equilibrium was not by design. 1776: Great Britain - Wilkes introduces bill for universal male suffrage 1776: Great Britain - David Bushnell invents a submarine. 1776: Great Britain - Edward Gibbon authors Decline and Fall of Roman Empire in period to 1788 4 Jul 1776: USA - The American Congress passes their Declaration of Independence from Britain.
52	1777	1777: Great Britain - Samuel Crompton in England invents the spinning mule capable of spinning cloth in great quantity.
53	1778	1778: Great Britain - James Cook explores Hawaiian Islands. He fails to locate Northwest Passage from Alaskan side and is killed in Hawaii the following year 1778: Europe - Naval war with France, Spain and Holland ally with France during period to 1783
54	1779	1779: Great Britain - The rise of Wyvill's Christopher Wyvill's radical Yorkshire Association Movement
55	1780	1780: Great Britain - The Gordon Riots develop from a procession to petition parliament against the Catholic Relief Act (1778) 1780: Southampton, England - Gervinus invents the circular saw. 1780: Great Britain - Country banks rise in number from less than 300 to over 700 in period to 1815 1780: Great Britain - The Bowler Hat appears in England.
56	1781	1781: Great Britain - Frederick William Herschel discovered the planet Uranus by its movement, although at the time he supposed it to be a comet 1781: Great Britain - Matthew Boulton and James Watt produce an improved steam engine with rotary motion achieving significant impact - it means that manufacturers are no longer restricted to site with natural power (i.e., water, wood for charcoal) 17 Oct 1781: USA - The Americans obtain a great victory of British troops at the Siege of Yorktown
57	1782	1782: Ireland - Ireland obtains short-lived parliament 22 Mar 1782: Great Britain - Lord North's government collapses
58	1783	1783: Great Britain - Joseph Michel and Jacques Étienne Montgolfier invented the first practical hot air balloon. 1783: Great Britain - Fox-North coalition established 1783: Great Britain - Britain recognises American independence at the Treaty of Paris. 1783: Ireland - Act of Renunciation gives Ireland rights in legislation and judication 1783: Great Britain - William Pitt the Younger becomes Prime Minister, simplifies taxes and customs duties, tries to pacify Ireland, abolish slave-trading and laws preventing Catholics holding office; returns Florida and Minorca to Spain and Senegal to France 1783: Great Britain - Englishman Henry Cort invents the Rolling Mill for steel production. 1783: Great Britain - Sébastien Lenormand demonstrates the first parachute. 1783: Great Britain - Benjamin Hanks patents the self-winding clock. 2 Apr 1783: Great Britain - William Bentinck, Duke of Portland Prime minister (Whig)
59	1784	1784: Great Britain - First edition of The Times newspaper 1784: Great Britain - Introduction of mail coach 1784: Great Britain - Andrew Meikle invents the threshing machine. 1784: Great Britain - Joseph Bramah invents the safety lock. 1784: USA - Benjamin Franklin develops bifocal eyeglasses.
60	1785	1785: Great Britain - William Pitt's motion for Parliamentary Reform is defeated 1785: Great Britain - Charles-Augustin de Coulomb invents the torsion balance. 1785: Great Britain - Blanchard invents a working parachute. 1785: Great Britain - Edmund Cartwright invents the power loom. 1785: France - Claude Berthollet invents chemical bleaching. 1785: Scotland - Glasgow triples in size, has 54 cotton mills in full work during period to 1818 1785: USA - Oliver Evans of Newport, Delaware invented the automatic flour-milling machinery that revolutionized the industry.
61	1786	1786: Great Britain - The Eden commercial treaty with France is drawn up 1786: Pennsylvania, USA - John Fitch invents a steamboat.
62	1787	1787: Windsor, Great Britain - In Windsor Great Park, King George III alights from carriage and addresses oak tree as King of Prussia, but eventually recovers from this attack of dementia; first colonies in Australia, first iron boat launched
63	1788	1788: Great Britain - Time to travel from London to Manchester reduced from 4.5 days to 28 hours 22 Jan 1788: Great Britain - Birth of Lord Byron (died 1824)
64	1789	1789: France - French Revolution, Louis XVI, many aristocrats and others executed, France declares war on European monarchies 1789: France - The guillotine is invented. 1789: Great Britain - The French Revolution sounded the death knoll toward elaborate and affected dress and hairdos. The powdered wig and towering women's hair styles passed from fashion. Simpler, more practical clothes emerged. Boys wore the skeleton suit, often with a comfortable open collar, and by the end of the century with plebian long trousers. 1789: USA - Thomas Jefferson brought a pasta making machine back with him when he returned to America after serving as ambassador to France. 1789: Switzerland - Dr. Pierre Ordinaire creates an absinthe elixir 30 Apr 1789: USA - George Washington first president of the United States 1789-1797.
65	1790	1790: Great Britain - Edmund Burke publishes his Reflections on the Revolution in France 1790: Great Britain - Lower-class radicalism increases, Habeas Corpus Act temporarily suspended 1790: USA - The United States issued its first patent to William Pollard of Philadelphia for a machine that roves and spins cotton. 1790: USA - Samuel Slater opens the first U.S. cotton mill in Rhode Island. Thomas Saint in England invents the first cloth-stitching machine. 1790: Great Britain - Marie, Vicomte de Botherel, born. He installed kitchens on buses in Paris suburbs in 1839, the first restaurant cars. 1790: Great Britain - Marie Harel is said to have developed Camembert cheese in Normandy.
66	1791	1791: Great Britain - The Celerifere, an early version of the bicycle, was built by Comte Mede de Sivrac. It was basically a scooter with a high seat 1791: Great Britain - James Boswell publishes his Life of Johnson and Thomas Paine, his Rights of Man 1791: Great Britain - John Barber invents the gas turbine.
67	1792	1792: Italy - Volta discovered he could arrange metals in a series in such a way that chemical energy is converted into electrical energy; that is, two dissimilar metals are submerged in an electrolyte and connected by an circuit and thereby exchange electrons. By 1800, he had invented the so-called voltaic cell, a pile of such metals 'consisting of pairs of silver and zinc disks separated by pieces of moist cardboard' 1792: Great Britain - Coal gas is used for lighting for the first time. Mary Wollstonecraft publishes her Vindication of the Rights of Women 1792: Great Britain - Cartwright invents steam-powered weaving loom 1792: Great Britain - The first ambulance.
68	1793	1793: Great Britain - Economic depression 1793: Great Britain - Speculative 'Canal Bubble' bursts 1793: Great Britain - Board of Agriculture formed to popularise new methods and machinery 1793: Great Britain - Britain becomes foremost world trader during period to 1815 1793: Great Britain - Eli Whitney invents the cotton gin which efficiently separates cotton fibers from the seeds, allowing one person to do a job once done by 50 people. This profoundly changes the economics of raising cotton, revitalizing slavery in the American South. 1 Feb 1793: Great Britain - France declares war on Britain
69	1794	1794: Great Britain - Erasmus Darwin, Charles' grandfather, proposed that 'warm-blooded animals have arisen from one living filament...possessing the faculty of continuing to improve by its own inherent activity, and of delivering those improvements by generation to its posterity.' 1794: Great Britain - Metric system introduced in France 1794: Great Britain - More lower-class radicalism, Habeas Corpus suspended again, instigators charged with treason, in Scotland found guilty and transported 1794: Great Britain - Welshman Philip Vaughan invents ball bearings. 1794: Great Britain - Total of 40,000 British troops die in West Indies in war with France over two year period 1 Jun 1794: Great Britain - Howe defeats French fleet at Ushant
70	1795	1795: Great Britain - The 'Speenhamland' system of outdoor relief is adopted, making wages up to equal the cost of subsistence 1795: Ireland - Near-civil war between Protestants and Catholics in Ireland, erupts in 1798, takes nearly a year to suppress 1795: Great Britain - New Treason and Sedition Act passed 1795: Great Britain - Francois Appert invents the preserving jar for food.
71	1796	1796: Great Britain - Edward Jenner investigated the folk tale that milk maids were immune to small pox, the virus variola major, and in a brief series of experiments confirmed that exposure to cow pox, the virus vaccinia, rendered immunity 1796: Italy - General Napoleon Bonaparte appears on scene, attacks Austrian armies 1796: Ceylon - British conquer Ceylon
72	1797	1797: Europe - All Europe makes peace with France save Britain, sea battle off Cape St. Vincent (off Spanish coast), Jervis and Nelson (then Captain) utterly defeat big French and Spanish fleet 1797: Great Britain - Royal Navy sailors at Spithead and the Nore mutiny over deplorable conditions 1797: USA - John Adams president of the USA 1797-1801. 1797: Great Britain - A British inventor, Henry Maudslay invents the first metal or precision lathe. 1797: Great Britain - Wittemore patents a carding machine. 1797: Great Britain - John Hetherington in London develops the top hat. 1797: Great Britain - Major Dubied purchased the formula for an 'absinthe elixir' and together with his son, Henri-Louis Pernod sets up an absinthe factory in Switzerland.
73	1798	1798: Great Britain - Thomas Robert Malthus, in his Essay on the Principle of Population, contended that population increses by a geometric ratio whereas the means of subsistence increase by an arithmetic ratio. 1798: Great Britain - Introduction of An income tax of ten percent on incomes over £200. 1798: Egypt - Battle of the Nile, Napoleon's Mediterranean fleet smashed 1798: Ireland - Catholic uprising 1798: Great Britain - Wordsworth and Coleridge publish Lyrical Ballads 1798: Great Britain - Franco-American Naval War: United States vs France 1798-1800. 1798: Great Britain - Aloys Senefelder invents lithography. 1798: Great Britain - The first soft drink id invented.
74	1799	1799: Great Britain - Trade Unions are suppressed. Napoleon is appointed First Consul in France 1799: France - Napoleon is appointed First Consul in France 1799: Great Britain - Three-year commercial boom in Britain begins 1799: France - Napoleon becomes President of France; amendments to Treason and Sedition Act 1799: Great Britain - Alessandro Volta invents the battery. 1799: Great Britain - Louis Robert invents the Fourdrinier Machine for sheet paper making. 1799: Great Britain - Deaths among women 1 in 913, children 1 in 115. For the first time London birth rate passes death rate, continues until introduction of water closet deposits effluence in Thames (source of potable water) and typhoid returns 1799: Great Britain - Eliza Acton Born. She wrote the first cookbook for the housewife, rather than for the professional chef. 1799: France - Joseph-Louis Proust, a French chemist, extracted sugar from grapes, and proved it identical to sugar extracted from honey.
75	1800	1800: UK - Act of Union with Ireland unites Parliaments of England and Ireland 1800: UK - Battle of Copenhagen, Napoleon's Danish fleet decimated 1800: Ireland - After Catholic rebellion in Ireland Pitt proposes one Parliament for both countries, but King George refuses, Pitt resigns; Sir Joseph Banks introduces voltaic battery 1800: UK - Sir Joseph Banks introduces voltaic battery 1800: UK - Robert Owen buys mills at New Lanark, turns into successful humane model 1800: France - Frenchman J.M. Jacquard invents the Jacquard Loom. 1800: UK - Over 20 miles of railway tracks laid 1800: UK - Over a ten year period, 30 acres of new docks are built in London, which becomes the greatest port in the world 1800: UK - Over the coming century, approx. 1 million people emigrate from Britain. 50,000 are prisoners transported to Maryland or Botany Bay 1800: USA - William Young in Philadelphia offers shoes made for the left and the right foot.

Gerber Family of Switzerland

Elsbeth Jakob

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