Timeline: Verena Blank: Gerber Family of Langnau

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1579 - Yes, date unknown

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Timeline

Verena Blank (1579 - )

	Date	Event(s)
1	1582	1582: Paris, France - Tour d'Argent restaurant opened 1582: Europe - The new Gregorian calendar was adopted by most Catholic countries
2	1583	1583: England - Cesalpino, in De Plantis, classified plants with seeds according to the number, position, and shape of the parts of their fruit. 1583: Italy - Galileo Galilei discovered by experiment that the oscillations of a swinging pendulum took the same amount of time regardless of their amplitude. 1583: Munster, Ireland - Colonised by English
3	1584	10 Jul 1584: England - William of Orange is murdered; Conspiracy against Elizabeth I involving Mary Queen of Scots
4	1585	1585: Netherlands - Elizabeth I sends troops to Netherlands to help Dutch Protestants against Spain
5	1586	1586: England - It is claimed that Sir Thomas Harriot introduced potatoes to England 6 Jul 1586: England - Treaty of Berwick between Elizabeth I and Scottish reformers
6	1587	1587: Brussels, Belgium - The modern Brussels sprout was first cultivated in large quantities 1587: Cadiz, Africa - Sir Francis Drake destroys Spanish fleet at Cádiz 8 Feb 1587: England - Mary Queen of Scots tried for treason, condemned, beheaded at Fotheringay Castle; leaves will making Philip of Spain heir to both her crowns and imploring him to avenge her; Royal Navy now completely rebuilt
7	1588	Jun 1588: England - Spanish Armada - 60,000 troops, 30,000 sailors, 77,000 tons of shipping - sails against England, battle lasts one week, decimated by English then by gales
8	1589	1589: England - William Lee develops the first knitting machine. 1589: France - Catherine de Medici, wife of King Henry II of France died.She is sometimes called the 'mother of French haute cuisine' because the Italian chefs she brought with her from Florence had a strong influence on the development of French cuisine. One of the things they brought with them was ice cream.
9	1590	1590: England - Zacharias and Hans Janssen combined double convex lenses in a tube, producing the first telescope.
10	1592	1592: England - Plague in London and provincial towns
11	1593	1593: Italy - Galileo invents a water thermometer. 9 Aug 1593: England - Izaak Walton was born. He is mainly known for The Compleat Angler, or, the Contemplative Man's Recreation, which is one of the most frequently published books in English literature. It is a literary discourse on the pleasures of fishing.
12	1594	1594: Ireland - Ulster Rebellion, Philip of Spain sends 100 ships, 10,000 men in aid, decimated by gales
13	1596	1596: England - The work of Dutch cartographer Abraham Ortelius suggests the possibility of continental drift, which will be described more forcefully by Alfred Wegener centuries later. 28 Jan 1596: England - Sir Francis Drake dies on a march at Nombre de Dios
14	1597	1597: England - Cultivation of sweet potatoes was tried (probably unsuccessfully) by John Gerard of London 1597: Ireland - Rebellion under Hugh O'Neill, Earl of Tyrone (finally put down 1601)
15	1600	1600: England - William Gilbert, in De Magnete, held that the earth behaves like a giant magnet with its poles near the geographic poles. He coined the word electrica (from the Greek word for amber, elektron), and distinguished electricity from magnetism. 1600: London, England - Population of London about 200,000 1600: Sicily - The blood orange is believed to have developed by natural mutation 1600: England - The British East India Company was incorporated by royal charter. It was created to compete in the East Indian spice trade.
16	1601	1601: England - Poor Law Act passed, prompted by three successive poor harvests resulting in demonstrations by starving peasants; codifies previous measures, differentiates between able-bodied and weak unemployed; town councils began to tax citizens to pay for alms 1601: England - Essex attempts rebellion, and is executed
17	1602	1602: England - Plague in London and provincial towns 1602: England - Founding of Dutch East India Company
18	1603	1603: England - Plague in London and provincial towns 1603: England - At end of Elizabeth I's reign, English population estimated at 4 million, 80% living in rural areas 1603: England - James I ruler of England to 1625. House of Stuart: Son of Mary, Queen of Scots. First to call himself King of Great Britain. This became official with the Act of Union in 1707. 24 Mar 1603: England - Death of Elizabeth I at Richmond, aged 70, after 45-year reign.
19	1604	1604: England - Robert Cawdrey's A Table Alphabeticall, first English dictionary, is published Jan 1604: England - Hampton Court Conference: no relaxation by the Church towards Puritans; James I bans Jesuits; England and Spain make peace
20	1605	1605: England - Gunpowder Plot; Guy Fawkes and other Roman Catholic conspirators fail in attempt to blow up Parliament and James I
21	1606	1606: America - Virginia colony subscribed in London, is thriving by 1620
22	1607	1607: England - Parliament rejects proposals for union between England and Scotland 1607: America - Henry Hudson begins voyage to eastern Greenland and Hudson River 1607: Alps, France - The Carthusian monks are supposedly given the secret formula for Chartreuse liqueur by the Marechal d'Estrees.
23	1608	1608: England - Hans Lippershey invents the first refracting telescope. 1608: England - John Tradescant was born. He succeeded his father as naturalist and gardener to Charles I.
24	1609	1609: Italy - Galileo built a telescope with which he discovered the mountains on the moon, that the Milky Way consisted of innumerable stars, the four largest satellites of Jupiter, the phases of Venus, and sunspots. 1609: America - Henry Hudson explores present-day New York and Hudson River and claims them for the Dutch 15 Jan 1609: Germany - Avisa Relation oder Zeitung, the world's first regular newspaper, is published
25	1610	1610: Kracow, Poland - Community Regulations of stated that bagels were to be given as a gift to women in childbirth.
26	1611	1611: England - James I's authorized version of the Bible is completed; English and Scottish Protestant colonists settle in Ulster
27	1612	1612: England - English factory built at Surat (India); deforestation of England for charcoal to make iron already a problem, substitutes sought 1612: England - Fighting with Dutch over Spice Islands (again in 1615)
28	1614	1614: England - James I dissolves the 'Addled Parliament' which has failed to pass any legislation
29	1615	1615: England - The first tea is imported to the west 1615: Japan- Furuta Oribe died. His original name was Furuta Shigenari. He was a Japanese master of the tea ceremony who studied under Sen Riky. His ideas influenced the tea ceremony, teahouse architecture, tea-garden landscaping and even flower arrangement.
30	1616	1616: Italy - Italian philosopher Lucilio Vanini suggests that humans descended from apes. For this heresy, he is burned alive three years later. 23 Apr 1616: England - Death of William Shakespeare
31	1617	1617: England - The first one way streets were established in London. Seventeen one way streets were created to regulate 'disorder and rude behaviour of Carmen, Draymen, and others using Cartes'.
32	1618	1618: Germany - Thirty Years War in Germany (until 1648), Catholics vs. Protestants; James I refuses to send troops, English men volunteer and fight for Protestant cause 1618: England - Francis Bacon became Lord Chancellor of England.
33	1620	1620: America - Pilgrims land at Plymouth Rock on Cape Cod, Massachusetts, in the Mayflower; found New Plymouth 1620: India - Madras settled 1620: England - The earliest human-powered submarine invented. 1620: America - The first Maize was discovered by some Pilgrims led by Myles Standish, while exploring the area near Provincetown, Massachusetts. They named the spot Corn Hill.
34	1621	8 Sep 1621: France - Prince Louis II de Condé, known as the Great Condé, was born. He was a French general who loved to hunt and had a passion for rice. Several dishes have been named for him, including Consomme Condé and Creme Condé.
35	1622	1622: England - James I dissolves Parliament for asserting its right to debate foreign affairs 1622: England - Weekly News, first English newspaper, published. 1622: England - Commission to enquire into decline of woollen trade
36	1623	1623: England - Wilhelm Schickard built a six digit calculator, driven directly by gears, which could add, subtract, and indicate overflow by ringing a bell. 1623: England - Dutch massacre English Company servants, Massacre of Amboyna
37	1624	1624: England - Alliance between James I and France; Parliament votes for war against Spain; Virginia becomes crown colony 1624: England - William Oughtred invents a slide rule.
38	1625	1625: England - Charles I, King of England to 1649; Charles I marries Henrietta Maria, sister of Louis XIII of France; dissolves Parliament which fails to vote him money 1625: France - Jean-Baptiste Denys invents a method for blood transfusion.
39	1626	1626: England - Francis Bacon died. An English statesman, philosopher and author of Novum Organum, a work on scientific inquiry, he died after having stuffing a dressed chicken with snow to see how long the flesh could be preserved by the extreme cold. He caught cold and died from complications about a month later. 1626: England - A large Codfish, split open at a Cambridge market, is found to contain a copy of a book of religious treatises by John Frith.
40	1627	1627: England - William Harvey was able to confirm his observation that the blood circulates throughout the body, which he inferred from the structure of the venal valves. The following year, in Exercitatio Anatomica, he published these conclusions as well as a description of the heart as a mechanical pump. 1627: Warsaw, Poland - The last known living ancestor of all modern domestic cattle (the aurochs) was killed by a poacher 1627: England - John Ray (Wray) was born. A leading 17th century English naturalist and botanist. He contributed to the advancement of taxonomy, and established the species as the basic unit of taxonomy.
41	1628	1628: England - Petition of Right; Charles I forced to accept Parliament's statement of civil rights in return for finances 1628: England - William Harvey (1578-1657) publishes Exercitatio Anatomica de Motu Cordis et Sanguinis in Animalibus, explaining the circulation of blood in animals
42	1629	1629: England - Charles I dissolves Parliament and rules personally until 1640 1629: America - Colony of Massachusetts Bay founded 1629: Italy - Giovanni Branca invents a steam turbine. 1629: America - The first horses were imported to the American colonies by the Massachusetts Bay Colony.
43	1630	1630: Europe - England makes peace with France and Spain 1630: America - Boston founded 1630: America - Massachusetts Bay Colony governor John Winthrop supposedly introduced the fork to American dining. 1630: America - Supposedly, Quadequina, an American Indian, introduced English colonists to popcorn. He had brought some to their first Thanksgiving dinner.
44	1633	1633: America - Connecticut settled; Maryland founded by George Calvert, 1st Baron Baltimore 1633: England - Bananas were supposedly displayed in the shop window of merchant Thomas Johnson. This was the first time the banana had ever been seen in Great Britain. It would be more than 200 years before they were regularly imported. In 1999 remains of a banana were found at a Tudor archaeological site on the banks of the River Thames. This would seem to date it 150 years earlier than Thomas Johnson's banana. A classic food mystery! 1633: Rome, Italy - Galileo was forced by the Inquisition in Rome to renounce his theory that the Earth revolved around the Sun. 3 Nov 1633: Italy - Bernardino Ramazzini was born. A physician, he was the first to note the relationship between worker's illnesses and their work environment. Considered the founder of occupational medicine.
45	1634	1634: Boston, Massachusetts - Samuel Cole supposedly opened the first tavern in the U.S.A.
46	1636	1636: England - Tulip mania begins and ceases the following year in a precursor of the 2000 dot-com crash 1636: England - Mild outbreak of Black Death 1636: England - W. Gascoigne invents the micrometer. 1636: America - The Great and General Court of the Massachusetts Bay Colony established Harvard College (New College), the first college in the Americas.
47	1637	1637: England - Charles I quarrels with Scotland re religion. He tries to force the English Book of Common Prayer on Scots 1637: Connecticut, USA - Pequot War 1637-1638 1637: France - Supposedly, Cardinal Richelieu 'created' the table knife when he had the points rounded on all knives to be used at his table. Presumably so no one could stab him.
48	1638	1638: Scotland - Covenant signed in Scotland, signers bound to preserve Presbyterianism
49	1639	1639: England - First Bishops' War between Charles I and the Scottish Church; ends with Pacification of Dunse
50	1640	1640: England - Second Bishops' War; ends with Treaty of Ripon; The Long Parliament begins. 1640: England - Athanasius Kircher's magic lantern invented May 1640: England - The Short Parliament is convened; instead of discussing Scottish problem, discusses taxes, customs, ship-money, bishops, popery, corrupt judges - everything but Scottish problem 3 Nov 1640: England - Earl of Stafford beheaded, Archbishop Laud to Tower, corruption cleaned up
51	1641	1641: England - Triennial Act requires Parliament to be summoned every three years; Star Chamber and High Commission abolished by Parliament; Catholics in Ireland revolt; some 30,000 Protestants massacred; Grand Remonstrance of Parliament to Charles I 1641: England - Seeing revolution, Charles I prepares for civil war. His supporters are dubbed Cavaliers, Parliament's supporters Roundheads (note: King's foot soldiers mostly Cornish or Welsh) 1641: England - England begin to import cotton from the Mediterranean and cotton fabric begins to be produced in Manchester
52	1642	1642: England - Charles I fails in attempt to arrest five members of Parliament and rejects Parliament's Nineteen Propositions; Civil War (until 1645) begins with Battle of Edgehill 1642: France - Blaise Pascal invents an adding machine.
53	1643	1643: England - Solemn League and Covenant is signed by Parliament 1643: England - Charles I sets HQ at Oxford; tries 3-pronged attack on Roundheads, lasts a year, finally John Pym recruits Scots to fight for Parliament, Scots demand their Covenant and Presbyterianism be enforced on all three kingdoms as price of participation 1643: Italy - Evangelista Torricelli invents the barometer. 1643: France - Louis XIV, King of France (the 'Sun King') was born. A gourmet, gourmand and many say a glutton. During his reign food began to be served in courses, rather than placed on the table all at once, and forks came into widespread use. 1643: New England - Connecticut, New Haven, Plymouth and Massachusetts Bay unite in common defence
54	1644	1644: Yorkshire, England - Battle of Marston Moor: Scots help rout Charles I and Oliver Cromwell gains fame as leader of cavalry
55	1645	1645: England - Formation of Oliver Cromwell's New Model Army; Battle of Naseby; Charles I defeated by Parliamentary forces
56	1646	1646: England - Charles I surrenders to the Scots
57	1647	1647: England - Scots surrender Charles I to Parliament; he escapes to the Isle of Wight; makes secret treaty with Scots 1647: England - Parliament tries unsuccessfully until 1648 to treat with Charles I, who is trying to secure help from France, Scotland or Ireland; Parliamentarians try unsuccessfully to fulfill their agreement with Scots
58	1648	1648: England - Treaty of Westphalia ends Thirty Years' War 19 Aug 1648: England - Scots invade England and are defeated by Cromwell at Battle of Preston Pride's Purge: Presbyterians expelled from Parliament (known as the Rump Parliament)
59	1649	1649: London, England - The Commonwealth, in which England is governed as a republic, is established and lasts until 1660 1649: Ireland - Cromwell harshly suppresses Catholic rebellions 1649: England - Long Parliament (Rump Parliament) confiscates land; House of Lords abolished; Charles II, meanwhile in exile on Continent, travels to Scotland, signs Covenant, Scots support him 1649: England - Oliver Cromwell, Lord Protector, ruler of England to 1658. Commonwealth & Protectorate. 1649: England - Nicholas Culpeper, Herbalist, wrote the pseudoscientific A Physicall Directory. It listed plants and their supposed healing properties based on the plants resemblance to the human body parts. 30 Jan 1649: London, England - Execution of Charles I
60	1650	1650: Scotland - Charles II lands in Scotland; is proclaimed king 1650: England - Oliver Cromwell crushes Irish rebellion, then Scots at Battle of Dunbar; Dutch traders recognised as most dangerous rivals. 1650: England - Otto von Guericke invents an air pump.
61	1651	1651: England - Thomas Hobbes, in Leviathan, argued from a mechanistic theory that man is a selfishly individualistic animal at constant war with others. In the state of nature, life is 'nasty, brutish, and short.' 1651: England - Navigation Act passes, forbids exportation of goods except in all-English ships, foreign merchants and goods prohibited in England and colonies, strengthened in 1660 3 Sep 1651: England - Charles II invades England and is defeated at Battle of Worcester; Charles escapes to France
62	1652	1652: England - First Anglo-Dutch War 1652: France - Cookbook Le Cuisinier francois by La Varenne is published.
63	1653	1653: England - Oliver Cromwell dissolves the 'Rump Parliament' and becomes Lord Protector 1653: England - England victorious in battles against Spain and aids France against Spain; England becomes leading naval power and important military power; restores legal rights to Jews
64	1654	1654: Armagh, Ireland - James Ussher, Protestant archbishop of Armagh, determined by a close reading of scriptural genealogies that the events described on the first page of the Book of Genesis occurred in 4004 B.C. 1654: England - Treaty of Westminster between England and Dutch Republic 1654: America - A bridge in Rowley, Massachusetts begins charging a toll for animals. People pass for free.
65	1655	1655: England - Christiaan Huygens discovered Titan, Saturn's largest moon, and that what Galileo had thought were moons were actually rings. He was the first to note markings on Mars. 1655: England - England divided into 12 military districts by Cromwell; seizes Jamaica from Spain 1655: England - Cromwell dissolves First Protectorate Parliament; failure of assault on Hispaniola
66	1656	1656: England - Christiaan Huygens built the first pendulum-regulated clock. Two years later, Huygens, in Horologium, claimed that his clock could establish longitude at sea which was not then possible and had led to many maritime disasters. 1656: England - War with Spain (until 1659) 1656: England - Second Protectorate Parliament
67	1657	1657: France - Stockings are manufactured in France.
68	1658	14 Jun 1658: England - Battle of the Dunes, Spanish defeated by Anglo- French army; acquisition of Dunkirk 3 Sep 1658: England - Oliver Cromwell dies; succeeded as Lord Protector by son Richard 3 Sep 1658: England - Richard Cromwell, Lord Protector. Ruler of England to 1659. Commonwealth & Proctorate: 3rd son of Oliver.
69	1659	1659: London, England - First cheque drawn 1659: America - The celebration of Christmas was banned in Boston (until 1681). The pilgrims believed it to be a decadent celebration. 2 Feb 1659: South Africa - Jan van Riebeeck, the first governor of the Cape of Good Hope made the first wine from grapes grown at the Cape. 25 May 1659: England - Richard Cromwell forced to resign by the army; 'Rump Parliament' restored
70	1660	1660: Furtwangen, Germany - Cuckoo clocks made in the Black Forest region. 1660: England - Charles II, ruler of England to 1685. House of Stuart (restored): Eldest son of Charles I, died without issue. De Jure King from 30 JAN 1649. 1660: England - Two houses of Parliament and Church of England restored, land returned to rightful owners; 'Dissenters' born (Quakers, Baptists, Congregationalists, etc.) 1660: New Amsterdan, America - Asser Levy from Portugal, applied for a license to sell kosher meat. He was the first kosher butcher in the city that was to become New York 29 May 1660: London, England - Charles II, aged 30, rides into London, people go mad with joy
71	1661	1661: England - Clarendon Code; 'Cavalier' Parliament of Charles II passes series of repressive laws against Nonconformists 1661: India - The English acquire Bombay 1661: England - Laws permitting burning of heretics repealed (during period to 1665)
72	1662	1662: England - Boyle, using a vacuum pump of his own invention, determined that the volume and pressure of a gas are inversely proportional 1662: England - John Graunt, in Observations upon the Bills of Mortality, using London population data, noted that life expectancy is 27 years, with nearly two thirds dying before 16 years. 1662: England - Act of Uniformity passed 1662: London, England - Royal Society founded
73	1663	1663: England - James Gregory invents the first reflecting telescope.
74	1664	1664: New Amsterdan, America - England siezes New Amsterdam from the Dutch, changes name to New York
75	1665	1665: Netherlands - Great Plague kills 1/5 London population; 1665: Germany - Rudolph Jacob Camerarius was born. A botanist, he showed the existence of sexes in plants, and identified the stamen and pistil as the male and female organs.
76	1666	1666: England - First European printed paper banknote issued 1666: London, England - The Great Fire of London began in the shop of the King's baker. After burning for four days, more than 13,000 buildings had been destroyed.
77	1667	1667: Medway River, Kent - Dutch fleet defeats the English
78	1668	1668: Europe - Triple Alliance of England, Netherlands, and Sweden against France 1668: England - Isaac Newton invents a reflecting telescope.
79	1669	1669: England - Isaac Newton circulated a manuscript, De analysi per aequationes numero terminorum infinitas, the first notice of his calculus.
80	1670	1670: England - Secret Treaty of Dover between Charles II of England and Louis XIV of France to restore Roman Catholicism to England 1670: America - Hudson's Bay Company founded 1670: France - Dom Pérignon invents Champagne. 1670: England - Over a 20 year period 80,000 Huguenots come to England, majority are silk workers, by 1689 40,000 families make living by silk 1670: Cologne, Germany - At Cologne Cathedral, the choirmaster makes sugar sticks to give to the young singers in the choir, to keep them occupied during the Living Crèche ceremony: the first candy canes.
81	1671	1671: England - Game Laws prevent majority of citizens from hunting, even on their own land 1671: Germany - Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz invents a calculating machine.
82	1672	1672: England - Third Anglo-Dutch war (until 1674) 1672: Netherlands - William of Orange becomes ruler
83	1673	1673: England - Test Act aims to deprive English Roman Catholics and Nonconformists of public office 1673: America - The White Horse Tavern in Rhode Island was built. It is the oldest operating tavern in the United States.
84	1674	1674: England - Hennig Brand discovered phosphorus in a distillation of human urine 1674: Netherlands - Anton van Leeuwenhoek reported his discovery of protozoa, using his newly-devised microscope 1674: England - Treaty of Westminster between England and the Netherlands
85	1675	1675: America - King Philip's War: New England colonies vs Wampanoag, Narragansett and Nipmuck Indians 1675-1676. 1675: Netherlands - Christiaan Huygens patents the pocket watch. 23 Dec 1675: England - Charles II issued a proclamation suppressing Coffee Houses. The public response was so negative that he revoked it on January 8, 1676.
86	1676	1676: England - Robert Hooke invents the universal joint. 1676: Paris, France - Compagnie de Limonadiers vendors sold lemonade from tanks they carried on their backs - these were the first soft drinks.
87	1677	1677: Netherlands - William III, ruler of the Netherlands, marries Mary, daughter of James, Duke of York, heir to the English throne
88	1678	1678: England - Popish Plot in England; Titus Oates falsely alleges a Catholic plot to murder Charles II 1678: England - John Bunyan (1628-1688) publishes Pilgrim's Progress
89	1679	1679: England - Act of Habeas Corpus passed, forbidding imprisonment without trial; Parliament's Bill of Exclusion against the Roman Catholic James, Duke of York blocked by Charles II; Parliament dismissed; Charles II rejects petitions calling for a new Parliament; petitioners become known as Whigs; their opponents (royalists) known as Tories 1679: France - Denis Papin, a French physicist invented the pressure cooker, which he called Papin's Digester.
90	1680	1680: America - Pennsylvania founded by William Penn for oppressed Quakers 1680: England - Moves to remove Charles II's brother James from succession persist through into 1681 (because he married an Italian and converted to Catholicism) and replace with Charles's illegitimate son, also Charles;civil war between Tories and Whigs narrowly averted
91	1681	1681: England - Whigs reintroduce Exclusion Bill; Charles II dissolves Parliament 1681: Glasgow, Scotland - College of Physicians founded
92	1685	1685: England - Rebellion by Charles II's illegitimate son, the Duke of Monmouth, against James II is put down 1685: England - Death of Charles II 1685: England - James II, ruler of England to 1689. House of Stuart (restored): 2nd son of Charles I. Deposed 1688, interregnum Dec 11, 1688, to Feb 13, 1689.
93	1686	1686: England - James II disregards Test Act; Roman Catholics appointed to public office
94	1687	1687: England - Isaac Newton publishes Principia Mathematica 4 Apr 1687: England - James II issues Declaration of Liberty of Conscience, extends toleration to all religions
95	1688	1688: England - Edward Lloyd's coffee house opens in England 1688: England - England's Glorious Revolution; William III of Orange is invited to save England from Roman Catholicism, lands in England, James II flees to France 1688: England - Gregory King's Tables (from Charles Davenant's Works, 1771), estimates over one million people (nearly 20% of pop.) in occasional receipt of alms, mostly in form of public relief from parish 1688: England - William Cheselden was born. An English surgeon and teacher, he was one of the first to describe the role of saliva in digestion.
96	1689	1689: England - Convention Parliament issues Bill of Rights; establishes a constitutional monarchy in Britain; bars Roman Catholics from the throne; Toleration Act grants freedom of worship to dissenters in England; Grand Alliance of the League of Augsburg, England, and the Netherlands 1689: Londonderry, Ireland - Catholic forces loyal to James II land from France and lay siege 1689: England - King William's War: English Colonies vs France 1689-1697. 13 Feb 1689: England - William III and Mary II, rulers of England to 1702. House of Stuart (restored): Son of William, Prince of Orange, by Mary, daughter of Charles I. Mary eldest daughter of James II. She died 1694.

Gerber Family of Switzerland

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